posted a bunch of pics and houzz glitched. i'll try again.
couple of ideas.
I'd trim out the island so that it looks finished, and then paint. see how this one is done?
plenty of how -to's. it's simple 4" trim pieces.
Since you have white subway tile, I'd either do a white quartz top (or a white quartzite) and darker island, or do white island and the same black quartz top. (or you could do white and a maple butcher block. lots of combos)
Since your concern is the sink, go ahead and replace it, but don't go smaller. if doing a new top, go further back w/the overhang. (do you have space for another 6-10" ? ) You'd have to add support and there is a few ways to do it.
add onto the island w/cubbies, but you'd have to widen it as well. can you go bigger?
here's what I mean
or, add onto the base by bringing out some supports and wrap them in tongue and groove, paint.
another option is just adding legs. all of these will let you go w/a bigger overhang
the other option is to go up
you could do a wood bar top or whatever granite/quartz you pick
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keep floors and cabinetry glass on island and backsplash replace countertop with ??? material
Q